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The '''Italian protectorate over Albania''' was established by the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] during [[World War I]] in an effort to secure a ''[[de jure]]'' independent [[Principality of Albania|Albania]] under Italian control. It existed from 23 June 1917 until the summer of 1920.
An '''Italian expeditionary corps over Albania''' was established by the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Kingdom of Italy]] during [[World War I]] in an effort to secure a ''[[de jure]]'' independent [[Principality of Albania|Albania]] under Italian control. It existed from 23 June 1917 until the summer of 1920.


== History ==
== History ==
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[[File:Vlora zur Zeit der italienischen Besatzung 1916-1920.jpg|thumb|right|Italian soldiers in [[Vlorë]], [[Albania]], during [[World War I]]. The tricolour flag of Italy bearing the [[House of Savoy|Savoy]] royal shield is shown hanging alongside an Albanian flag from the balcony of the Italian [[prefecture]] headquarters.]]
[[File:Vlora zur Zeit der italienischen Besatzung 1916-1920.jpg|thumb|right|Italian soldiers in [[Vlorë]], [[Albania]], during [[World War I]]. The tricolour flag of Italy bearing the [[House of Savoy|Savoy]] royal shield is shown hanging alongside an Albanian flag from the balcony of the Italian [[prefecture]] headquarters.]]
On 12 December 1916, [[Italy]] asked for explanations from the [[Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)|Quai d'Orsay]], through its ambassador, because the establishment of the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë violated the [[Treaty of London (1915)|Treaty of London]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.cairn.info/revue-guerres-mondiales-et-conflits-contemporains-2004-1-page-77.htm |title=Les français et la république de Kortcha (1916-1920) |first=Stefan |last=Popescu |publisher=Cairn info |location=France |doi=10.3917/gmcc.213.0077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126021428/http://www.cairn.info/revue-guerres-mondiales-et-conflits-contemporains-2004-1-page-77.htm |archive-date=26 January 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=17 January 2011 |quote=La signature de ce Protocole contrevient aux stipulations du traité de Londres ...Par conséquent, l'Italie demanda des explications au quai d'Orsay, par l'intermédiaire de son ambassadeur, le 12 décembre 1916. |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Austria-Hungary]] used French precedent in Korçë to justify the proclamation of independence of Albania under its protectorate on 3 January 1917, in [[Shkodra]].
On 12 December 1916, [[Italy]] asked for explanations from the [[Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)|Quai d'Orsay]], through its ambassador, because the establishment of the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë violated the [[Treaty of London (1915)|Treaty of London]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.cairn.info/revue-guerres-mondiales-et-conflits-contemporains-2004-1-page-77.htm |title=Les français et la république de Kortcha (1916-1920) |first=Stefan |last=Popescu |publisher=Cairn info |location=France |doi=10.3917/gmcc.213.0077 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126021428/http://www.cairn.info/revue-guerres-mondiales-et-conflits-contemporains-2004-1-page-77.htm |archive-date=26 January 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=17 January 2011 |quote=La signature de ce Protocole contrevient aux stipulations du traité de Londres ...Par conséquent, l'Italie demanda des explications au quai d'Orsay, par l'intermédiaire de son ambassadeur, le 12 décembre 1916. |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Austria-Hungary]] used French precedent in Korçë to justify the proclamation of independence of Albania under Italian protection on 3 January 1917, in [[Shkodra]].


The Kingdom of Italy did the same when proclaiming independence of Albania under its protectorate on 23 June 1917, in [[Gjirokastra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flagspot.net/flags/al_w1914.html#kor |title=Republic of Korçë (1917-1918) |author=Jaume Ollé |date=15 July 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124044610/http://flagspot.net/flags/al_w1914.html#kor |archive-date=24 November 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2011 |quote=On 23 June 1917, Italy proclaimed the independence of Albania under her protectorate, justifying this with the French precedent in Korçë. Austria-Hungary had done it before on 3 January 1917.}}</ref> General [[Giacinto Ferrero]] proclaimed on that day the Italian Protectorate and the next weeks occupied [[Ioannina]] in [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.storiologia.it/mondiale2/bollettino17.htm|title=PRIMA GUERRA MONDIALE - LA STORIA CON I BOLLETTINI UFFICIALI|access-date=27 December 2015}}</ref> Neither Great Britain nor France had been consulted beforehand, and they did not give any official recognition to the Italian Protectorate.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4ymAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA66|title=Southern Albania, 1912-1923|publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804761710|access-date=27 December 2015}}</ref>
The Kingdom of Italy did the same when proclaiming independence of Albania under its protection on 23 June 1917, in [[Gjirokastra]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://flagspot.net/flags/al_w1914.html#kor |title=Republic of Korçë (1917-1918) |author=Jaume Ollé |date=15 July 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124044610/http://flagspot.net/flags/al_w1914.html#kor |archive-date=24 November 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=12 January 2011 |quote=On 23 June 1917, Italy proclaimed the independence of Albania under her protectorate, justifying this with the French precedent in Korçë. Austria-Hungary had done it before on 3 January 1917.}}</ref> by general [[Giacinto Ferrero]] proclaimed on that day the independence of Albania, who in the next weeks occupied [[Ioannina]] in [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.storiologia.it/mondiale2/bollettino17.htm|title=PRIMA GUERRA MONDIALE - LA STORIA CON I BOLLETTINI UFFICIALI|access-date=27 December 2015}}</ref> Neither Great Britain nor France had been consulted beforehand.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4ymAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA66|title=Southern Albania, 1912-1923|publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804761710|access-date=27 December 2015}}</ref>


This Albanian republic under the leadership of [[Turhan Përmeti]], protected by 100,000 soldiers of the Italian Army, adopted officially a red flag with a black eagle in the middle, but raised a storm of protests even in the Italian Parliament.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4ymAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA65|title=Southern Albania, 1912-1923|publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804761710|access-date=27 December 2015}}</ref>
This Albanian republic under the leadership of [[Turhan Përmeti]], protected by 100,000 soldiers of the Italian Army, adopted officially a red flag with a black eagle in the middle, but raised a storm of protests even in the Italian Parliament.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4ymAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA65|title=Southern Albania, 1912-1923|publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804761710|access-date=27 December 2015}}</ref>


[[File:Saranda (World War I).jpg|thumb|right|220px|1917 postcard from Italian-occupied [[Sarande]]]]
[[File:Saranda (World War I).jpg|thumb|right|220px|1917 postcard from Italian-occupied [[Sarande]]]]
In autumn 1918, the Italians expanded their Protectorate (without adding anything officially to Albania) to areas of northern [[Greece]] (around [[Kastoria]]) and western [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] (around [[Bitola]]), conquered from the Bulgarians and Ottomans. On 25 September the Italian 35 Division reached and occupied [[Krusevo]] deep inside western Macedonia.<ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://www.lagrandeguerra.net/ggalbania.html War in 1918 Albania]</ref>
In autumn 1918, the Italians expanded occupations to areas of northern [[Greece]] (around [[Kastoria]]) and western [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] (around [[Bitola]]), conquered from the Bulgarians and Ottomans. On 25 September the Italian 35 Division reached and occupied [[Krusevo]] deep inside western Macedonia.<ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://www.lagrandeguerra.net/ggalbania.html War in 1918 Albania]</ref>


In October 1918, the Italian ''XVI Corpo d' Armata'' (nearly four divisions, with 2 Albanian volunteers battalions) conquered all north-central Albania from the Austrians: on 14 October [[Durrës]], the next day [[Tirana]] and on 31 October [[Shkodër|Scutari]]; finally on 3 November [[Ulcinj]] and [[Bar, Montenegro|Bar]] in coastal [[Montenegro]] were taken.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bucciol |first=Eugenio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-pCjXgjL7UC&dq=italiani+in+albania+nel+1918&pg=PA28 |title=Albania: fronte dimenticato della Grande Guerra |date=2001 |publisher=Nuova dimensione |isbn=978-88-85318-61-8 |language=it}}</ref>
In October 1918, the Italian ''XVI Corpo d' Armata'' (nearly four divisions, with 2 Albanian volunteers battalions) conquered all north-central Albania from the Austrians: on 14 October [[Durrës]], the next day [[Tirana]] and on 31 October [[Shkodër|Scutari]]; finally on 3 November [[Ulcinj]] and [[Bar, Montenegro|Bar]] in coastal [[Montenegro]] were taken.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bucciol |first=Eugenio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9-pCjXgjL7UC&dq=italiani+in+albania+nel+1918&pg=PA28 |title=Albania: fronte dimenticato della Grande Guerra |date=2001 |publisher=Nuova dimensione |isbn=978-88-85318-61-8 |language=it}}</ref>


In November 1918, when World War I finished, nearly all what is now contemporary Albania was under the Italian Protectorate. A '''Regency''' government was announced following the end of the war. The French expedition withdrew from [[Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë|Korçë]] in May 1920, resulting in the area being ceded to the Regency.<ref>{{cite web |title=Albania during the First World War (1914–1920) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/al_w1914.html |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref>
In November 1918, when World War I finished, nearly all what is now contemporary Albania was under the Italian influence. A '''Regency''' government was announced following the end of the war. The French expedition withdrew from [[Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë|Korçë]] in May 1920, resulting in the area being ceded to the Regency.<ref>{{cite web |title=Albania during the First World War (1914–1920) |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/al_w1914.html |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref>


Since then and for nearly two years until summer 1920 the Italian Protectorate over Albania was administered by the Italian government: in a country that lacked nearly everything after centuries of Ottoman rule, were built {{cvt|546|km|mi}} of new roads, {{cvt|110|km|mi}} of new railroads, {{cvt|3000|km|mi}} of telegraph lines, 9 teleferics, a few hospitals and some modern administrative buildings.<ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://www.rinodistefano.com/it/articoli/albania.php "Commissione d'inchiesta per l'impresa d'Albania del 1914-21"]</ref>
In a country that lacked nearly everything after centuries of Ottoman rule, were built {{cvt|546|km|mi}} of new roads, {{cvt|110|km|mi}} of new railroads, {{cvt|3000|km|mi}} of telegraph lines, 9 teleferics, a few hospitals and some modern administrative buildings.<ref>{{in lang|it}} [http://www.rinodistefano.com/it/articoli/albania.php "Commissione d'inchiesta per l'impresa d'Albania del 1914-21"]</ref>


== After World War I ==
== After World War I ==

Revision as of 20:06, 22 March 2025

For the Italian protectorate during World War II, see Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943).

Albanian Republic
Republika Shqiptare (Albanian)
1917–1920
Flag of Albania
Motto: Atdheu mbi te gjitha
"Homeland above all"
Anthem: Himni i Flamurit
"Hymn to the Flag"
Albania after fragmentation in 1916. The lower green area indicates the Italian protectorate as of summer 1917. In autumn 1918, it was enlarged to encompass the former Austro-Hungarian area.
Albania after fragmentation in 1916. The lower green area indicates the Italian protectorate as of summer 1917. In autumn 1918, it was enlarged to encompass the former Austro-Hungarian area.
StatusProtectorate of the Kingdom of Italy
CapitalVlorë
Prefect 
Historical eraInterwar period
• Established
23 June 1917
• Disestablished
2 August 1920
ISO 3166 codeAL
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Austro-Hungarian occupation of Albania
Kingdom of Greece
Principality of Albania

An Italian expeditionary corps over Albania was established by the Kingdom of Italy during World War I in an effort to secure a de jure independent Albania under Italian control. It existed from 23 June 1917 until the summer of 1920.

History

The Kingdom of Italy occupied the port of Vlorë in December 1914, but had to withdraw after the Austrian-Hungarian invasion in late 1915–early 1916, and the fall of Durrës on 27 February 1916. In May 1916, the Italian XVI Corps, some 100,000 men under the command of General Settimio Piacentini, returned and occupied part of southern Albania by the autumn 1916,[1] while the French army occupied Korçë and its surrounding areas on 29 November 1916. The Italian forces (in Gjirokastër) and French forces (in Korçë), according mainly to the development of the Balkans theatre, entered the area of former Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (controlled by the Greek minority) in autumn 1916, after approval of the Triple Entente.

The establishment of the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë was done on 10 December 1916, by French authorities with a protocol, according to which an autonomous province would be established on the territories of Korçë, Bilishti, Kolonja, Opar and Gora in eastern Albania.

Italian soldiers in Vlorë, Albania, during World War I. The tricolour flag of Italy bearing the Savoy royal shield is shown hanging alongside an Albanian flag from the balcony of the Italian prefecture headquarters.

On 12 December 1916, Italy asked for explanations from the Quai d'Orsay, through its ambassador, because the establishment of the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë violated the Treaty of London.[2] Austria-Hungary used French precedent in Korçë to justify the proclamation of independence of Albania under Italian protection on 3 January 1917, in Shkodra.

The Kingdom of Italy did the same when proclaiming independence of Albania under its protection on 23 June 1917, in Gjirokastra[3] by general Giacinto Ferrero proclaimed on that day the independence of Albania, who in the next weeks occupied Ioannina in Epirus.[4] Neither Great Britain nor France had been consulted beforehand.[5]

This Albanian republic under the leadership of Turhan Përmeti, protected by 100,000 soldiers of the Italian Army, adopted officially a red flag with a black eagle in the middle, but raised a storm of protests even in the Italian Parliament.[6]

1917 postcard from Italian-occupied Sarande

In autumn 1918, the Italians expanded occupations to areas of northern Greece (around Kastoria) and western Macedonia (around Bitola), conquered from the Bulgarians and Ottomans. On 25 September the Italian 35 Division reached and occupied Krusevo deep inside western Macedonia.[7]

In October 1918, the Italian XVI Corpo d' Armata (nearly four divisions, with 2 Albanian volunteers battalions) conquered all north-central Albania from the Austrians: on 14 October Durrës, the next day Tirana and on 31 October Scutari; finally on 3 November Ulcinj and Bar in coastal Montenegro were taken.[8]

In November 1918, when World War I finished, nearly all what is now contemporary Albania was under the Italian influence. A Regency government was announced following the end of the war. The French expedition withdrew from Korçë in May 1920, resulting in the area being ceded to the Regency.[9]

In a country that lacked nearly everything after centuries of Ottoman rule, were built 546 km (339 mi) of new roads, 110 km (68 mi) of new railroads, 3,000 km (1,900 mi) of telegraph lines, 9 teleferics, a few hospitals and some modern administrative buildings.[10]

After World War I

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A delegation sent by a postwar Albanian National Assembly that met at Durrës in December 1918 defended Albanian interests at the Paris Peace Conference, but the conference denied Albania official representation. The National Assembly, anxious to keep Albania intact, expressed willingness to accept Italian protection and even an Italian prince as a ruler so long as it would mean Albania did not lose territory.

But in January 1920, at the Paris Peace Conference, negotiators from France, Britain, Italy and Greece agreed to divide Albania among Yugoslavia, Italy, and Greece as a diplomatic expedient aimed at finding a compromise solution to the territorial conflict between Italy and Yugoslavia. The deal gave the Valona territory and areas of south-central Albania to Italy.

This deal created huge anti-Italian resentment between many Albanians and in May 1920 the Italians (even because of demobilisation of their troops after World War I ended) withdrew to some important cities (Durazzo, Scutari, Tirane, Valona, Tepelani and Clisura) and their surrounding areas: subsequently they were forced to fight the Vlora War. The revolutionary movements [11] in Italy made the presence of the last 20,000 soldiers of the Italian Army in Albania basically impossible.

On August 2, 1920, the Albanian-Italian protocol was signed, upon which Italy retreated from Albania (maintaining only the island of Saseno). This put an end to Italian claims for Vlora and for a mandate over Albania, rescuing the territory of the Albanian state from further partition.[12]

The desire to compensate for this retreat would be one of Benito Mussolini's main motives in invading Albania in 1939.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ Thomas, Nigel (25 July 2001). Armies in the Balkans 1914-18. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 9781841761947. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  2. ^ Popescu, Stefan. "Les français et la république de Kortcha (1916-1920)". France: Cairn info. doi:10.3917/gmcc.213.0077. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011. La signature de ce Protocole contrevient aux stipulations du traité de Londres ...Par conséquent, l'Italie demanda des explications au quai d'Orsay, par l'intermédiaire de son ambassadeur, le 12 décembre 1916. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ Jaume Ollé (15 July 1996). "Republic of Korçë (1917-1918)". Archived from the original on 24 November 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2011. On 23 June 1917, Italy proclaimed the independence of Albania under her protectorate, justifying this with the French precedent in Korçë. Austria-Hungary had done it before on 3 January 1917.
  4. ^ "PRIMA GUERRA MONDIALE - LA STORIA CON I BOLLETTINI UFFICIALI". Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  5. ^ Southern Albania, 1912-1923. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804761710. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  6. ^ Southern Albania, 1912-1923. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804761710. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  7. ^ (in Italian) War in 1918 Albania
  8. ^ Bucciol, Eugenio (2001). Albania: fronte dimenticato della Grande Guerra (in Italian). Nuova dimensione. ISBN 978-88-85318-61-8.
  9. ^ "Albania during the First World War (1914–1920)". Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  10. ^ (in Italian) "Commissione d'inchiesta per l'impresa d'Albania del 1914-21"
  11. ^ "Gli Italiani si ritirano dall'Albania". Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  12. ^ "Albania - Albania's Reemergence after World War I". Retrieved 27 December 2015.
  13. ^ Pearson, Owen (2004). Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781845110130. Retrieved 27 December 2015.

Bibliography

  • (in Italian) Biagini, Antonello. Storia dell'Albania contemporanea. Bompiani editore. Milano, 2005
  • (in Italian) Borgogni, Massimo. Tra continuità e incertezza. Italia e Albania (1914-1939). La strategia politico-militare dell'Italia in Albania fino all'Operazione "Oltre Mare Tirana" . 2007 Franco Angeli
  • (in Italian) Bucciol, Eugenio. Albania: fronte dimenticato della Grande guerra. Nuova Dimensione Edizioni. Portogruaro, 2001 ISBN 88-85318-61-4
  • Bushkoff, Leonard. Albania, history of. Collier's Encyclopedia. vol. 1. NY: P.F. Collier, L.P, 1996.
  • Nigel, Thomas. Armies in the Balkans 1914-18. Osprey Publishing. Oxford, 2001 ISBN 1-84176-194-X
  • Pearson, Owens. Albania in the twentieth century: a history (Volume 3). Publisher I.B.Tauris. London, 2004 ISBN 1-84511-013-7
  • Steiner, Zara. The lights that failed: European international history, 1919-1933. Oxford University Press. Oxford, 2005.
  • Stickney, Edith. Southern Albania. Stanford University Press. Stanford, 1929 ISBN 0-8047-6171-X
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